Living as a Colorectal Cancer Survivor: What You Need to Know

Mar 18, 2025 | Southern Arizona

For many individuals diagnosed with colorectal cancer, completing treatment is a significant milestone. While it brings relief, it can also bring uncertainty about the future and concern over the possibility of recurrence. Others may find themselves managing cancer as a chronic condition, requiring ongoing treatment. No matter where you are in your journey, survivorship comes with unique challenges—and opportunities to take charge of your health.

Creating a Survivorship Care Plan

A survivorship care plan is a crucial tool for post-treatment life. Work with your doctor to develop a plan that includes:

• A schedule for follow-up exams and tests
• Awareness of potential long-term side effects and when to seek medical attention
• Recommendations for maintaining overall health, such as nutrition and exercise
• Guidelines for cancer screening and preventative care

Staying engaged in your follow-up care can help you feel more in control of your health and detect any issues early.

The Importance of Follow-Up Care

Regular follow-ups are essential to monitor for recurrence, new cancers, or late effects of treatment. Depending on your cancer stage and treatment history, your doctor may recommend:

• Colonoscopy: Typically done one year after surgery, then every three to five years if results are normal
• Proctoscopy: For rectal cancer patients who had transanal surgery, this may be recommended every 3-6 months for the first two years
• Imaging tests: CT scans may be conducted every 6-12 months for those at higher risk of recurrence
• Blood tests: CEA is a tumor marker used to monitor colorectal cancer. If initially high, doctors track its levels every 3-6 months through blood tests for a few years after treatment. A decrease to normal suggests successful treatment, while a rise may indicate recurrence, prompting further tests. (Note: If CEA was normal at diagnosis, it’s usually not useful for detecting recurrence.)

Managing Long-Term Side Effects

While most colon cancer survivors won’t need a colostomy, some experience lingering effects of treatment. Understanding and managing these side effects can improve quality of life and overall well-being. Here’s what to expect and how to cope with common post-treatment challenges.

1. Bowel Changes

Since colon cancer treatments often affect the digestive system, many survivors experience bowel irregularities, including:

• Diarrhea: Frequent, loose stools can occur due to the removal of part of the colon or the impact of chemotherapy and radiation.
• Constipation: Some treatments slow down digestion, leading to difficulty passing stools.
• Fecal incontinence: Loss of bowel control can be due to nerve or muscle damage during surgery.

Management Strategies:

• Eat a balanced diet with fiber-rich foods to regulate digestion.
• Stay hydrated to prevent constipation.
• Use anti-diarrheal or stool-softening medications as recommended by your doctor.
• Practice bowel retraining techniques, such as scheduled bathroom visits and pelvic floor exercises.

2. Neuropathy (Nerve Damage)

Some chemotherapy drugs can cause peripheral neuropathy, leading to numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet. This may persist for months or even years.

Management Strategies:

• Keep extremities warm and avoid cold temperatures, which can worsen symptoms.
• Use medications for neuropathy, if prescribed.
• Try physical therapy or acupuncture for relief.
• Be cautious with sharp objects and hot surfaces to prevent injuries from numbness.

3. Fatigue

Cancer-related fatigue may last a few weeks, months, or longer. It can stem from chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, anemia, or emotional distress.

Management Strategies:

• Prioritize rest and listen to your body’s signals.
• Engage in light physical activity, such as walking or yoga, to boost energy levels.
• Maintain a nutritious diet with enough protein and vitamins to support recovery.
• Seek support for emotional well-being, as depression and anxiety can worsen fatigue.

4. Changes in Bladder Function

Colon cancer surgery or radiation can sometimes impact bladder control, leading to:

• Increased urgency (needing to urinate more often).
• Incontinence (leakage of urine).
• Difficulty emptying the bladder completely.

Management Strategies:

• Pelvic floor exercises (Kegels) can strengthen bladder control.
• Avoid caffeine and alcohol, which can irritate the bladder.
• Schedule bathroom breaks to prevent urgency issues.

5. Sexual Dysfunction

Both men and women may experience sexual health changes after colon cancer treatment due to nerve damage, hormonal shifts, or emotional distress. Men might have difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection, while women may experience vaginal dryness or discomfort during intercourse. Body image issues can play a role, especially if you are dealing with an ostomy.

Management Strategies:

• Communicate openly with your partner about changes and concerns.
• Talk to a doctor about medications or therapy options for sexual dysfunction.
• Seek counseling or a support group for emotional support.

6. Ostomy-Related Challenges

For those who have undergone a colostomy, adjusting to an ostomy bag can be a major lifestyle change. Skin irritation, leakage, and emotional distress are common concerns.

Management Strategies:

• Work with an ostomy nurse to ensure a proper fit and reduce skin irritation.
• Use barrier creams or powders to protect the skin around the stoma.
• Find comfortable, supportive clothing designed for ostomy wearers.
• Seek out ostomy support groups for tips and encouragement.

Reducing Your Risk of Recurrence

While there’s no guaranteed way to prevent cancer from returning, adopting a healthy lifestyle may lower your risk. Consider these steps:

• Maintain a healthy weight: Obesity has been linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer
• Stay physically active: Regular movement can improve overall health and may reduce the risk of recurrence
• Eat a balanced diet: Prioritize fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats while minimizing processed and red meats
• Limit alcohol consumption: Excessive drinking may be linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer
• Avoid smoking: Research shows that smoking is associated with a higher risk of cancer recurrence

Emotional Well-Being and Support

Survivorship is not just about physical health—it’s also about emotional resilience. Many survivors experience anxiety, depression, or fear of recurrence. Seeking support from loved ones, therapists, or survivorship programs can help you cope with these feelings and maintain a positive outlook.

At Arizona Oncology, we understand the complexities of life after cancer. Whether you’re adjusting to new health routines, managing side effects, or seeking emotional support, our team is here to help you not just survive, but thrive.

This or That—24 Ways to Reduce Your Cancer Risk

Feb 10, 2025 | Southern Arizona

Cancer is a complex disease influenced by genetics, lifestyle, and environment, but research shows that nearly half of all cancer cases can be prevented through healthy choices and risk reduction strategies. While no single action guarantees protection, taking small, meaningful steps can make a big difference.

This Cancer Prevention Month, try some of these science-backed recommendations to lower your cancer risk. We’ve made it easy for you by listing 12 ways to reduce your cancer risk and two actionable changes for each that you can make today… just choose this or that. (Bonus: If you love a challenge, feel free to try both!)

1. Quit Smoking (or Never Start)

According to the CDC, tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of cancer. It’s linked to at least 12 types of cancer, including esophageal, throat, and bladder cancer. Almost nine out of every 10 cases of lung cancer is linked to tobacco products. Even secondhand smoke exposure increases risk.

This: Call 1-800-QUIT-NOW for free support to quit smoking today.

 or

That: Talk to your doctor about medications that help you quit.

2. Protect Your Skin from the Sun

UV radiation from the sun and tanning beds is a major cause of skin cancer, including deadly melanoma. It damages skin cells’ DNA, sometimes causing cells to grow out of control and form tumors. Daily protection is essential, even on cloudy days. Avoid tanning beds as a general rule and protect your skin by doing one of the following:

This: Add a broad-spectrum SPF 30+ sunscreen to your skin care routine every day.

or

That: Switch your base makeup or morning moisturizer to one that includes a sunscreen of SPF 30+.

3. Maintain a Healthy Weight

Fat cells produce a variety of proteins that cause high levels of insulin and other hormones, which may encourage cancer cell growth. Risk for cancer increases with having excess visceral fat and significant excess body fat. Even losing a small amount of weight can help reduce risk.

This: Reduce your portion sizes (using a smaller plate to give the illusion of more food can help).

or

That: Swap sugary drinks for water, and drink a big glass before meals.

4. Eat More Fruits and Vegetables

A diet rich in plant-based foods provides antioxidants and fiber, which help reduce inflammation and protect against certain cancers. They also contribute to a healthy weight. In general, those with the most color—dark greens, reds, oranges, and yellows—contain the most nutrients.

This: Fill half your plate with colorful fruits and vegetables at every meal.

or

That: Eat one cup of raw veggies at every meal.

5. Limit Red and Processed Meat

High consumption of red and processed meats (like bacon, sausage, and hot dogs) has been linked to colorectal cancer. More research is needed, but the increased risk may be explained by the iron and fat content in red meat, and/or the salt and nitrates/nitrites in processed meats. Additionally, when meat is cooked at high temperatures, substances are formed that may cause cancer.

This: Swap red meat for lean proteins like fish or poultry.

or

That: Aim for a vegetarian meal twice a week.

6. Be Physically Active

Physically active adults have a significantly lower risk of developing several commonly occurring cancers, as well as lower risk of several other cancers. If you are a cancer survivor, getting regular physical activity helps give you a better quality of life and improves your physical fitness. Some studies even suggest it can reduce the risk of cancer recurrence.

This: Take a brisk 30-minute walk five times a week.

or

That: Download an app that gamifies exercise, making it fun.

7. Limit Alcohol Consumption

Alcohol is a known carcinogen linked to cancers of the breast, liver, esophagus, and possibly prostate. The more you drink, the higher your risk. Some studies show that drinking three or more alcoholic drinks per day increases the risk of stomach and pancreatic cancers. All kinds of alcoholic drinks increase the risk of cancer, not just hard liquor.

This: Stick to moderate drinking—no more than one drink per day for women and two for men.

or

That: Go “dry” for a month and see how you feel. You might find that your alcohol cravings are significantly reduced after abstaining for a short period.

8. Get Screened for Cancer

Early detection saves lives. Screenings for breast, cervical, colorectal, and skin cancer can catch disease early, when it’s most treatable. Screening recommendations differ based on gender, age, medical and family history, and other risk factors. If you are a current or former smoker, low-dose CT lung cancer screening may be available.

This: Take a day and schedule your routine cancer screenings based on age and risk factors.

or

That: If you’re unsure what needs to be scheduled, make an appointment with your primary care doctor. If you’re a current or former smoker, talk to your doctor about low-dose CT screening for lung cancer.

9. Avoid Harmful Chemicals

Exposure to environmental toxins like pesticides, industrial chemicals, and air pollution may contribute to cancer risk. It’s difficult to avoid exposure to many of the toxins in our daily lives, but there are steps you can take. Besides the options below, the Environmental Working Group offers additional suggestions for reducing toxic exposures in the home.

This: Switch out your cleaning and laundry products for natural ones.

or

That: Plant a small vegetable or herb garden using natural fertilizers and non-chemical pest-management practices.

10. Stay Up to Date on Vaccines

HPV and hepatitis B vaccines can help prevent cancers caused by viruses. The HPV vaccine protects against the most common cancer-causing forms for HPV. The hepatitis B vaccine can help prevent liver cancer.

This: Check vaccination records to ensure you and your children are vaccinated against HPV and hepatitis B.

or

That: Make an appointment to discuss vaccination with your doctor.

11. Reduce Chronic Stress

While studies have not shown a direct link between stress and cancer, long-term stress can weaken the immune system and contribute to behaviors that increase cancer risk, such as smoking or overeating. We can never fully eliminate harmful stressors from our lives, but properly managing stress can improve our quality of life and overall health.

This: Practice stress management techniques like meditation, yoga, or deep breathing daily.

or

That: Take a daily walk in nature.

12. Get Enough Sleep

Researchers are studying how chronic sleep problems may increase cancer risk by disrupting the body’s sleep cycle over time. One theory suggests that not getting enough sleep weakens the immune system, making it less effective at preventing abnormal cell growth that can lead to cancer. While poor sleep has not been definitively linked to cancer, getting a good night’s sleep is an important part of maintaining good health.

This: Aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep per night and maintain a regular sleep schedule.

or

That: Avoid screens for at least half an hour before bedtime—instead, read a book or meditate.

Start Today

You don’t have to make all these changes at once. Start with one habit and build from there. Each step you take brings you closer to a healthier future.

Sources:

https://www.aicr.org/cancer-prevention/recommendations/be-a-healthy-weight

https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/quit-smoking/index.html

https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/risk-factors/tobacco.html

https://progressreport.cancer.gov/prevention/diet_alcohol/red_meat

https://www.cdc.gov/physical-activity-basics/health-benefits/lowers-risk-of-cancer.html

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/diet-physical-activity/sleep.html

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7071977

Coping with Grief and Loss During the Holidays

Dec 11, 2024 | Southern Arizona

The holiday season is often portrayed as a time of joy, togetherness, and celebration. Yet for many, it can be a time of complex emotions, especially for those coping with grief and loss. While grief is commonly associated with the death of a loved one, it’s important to recognize that it can stem from many forms of loss—not all of which are tied to someone’s passing.

Cancer survivors, for example, may grieve the loss of the life they once had, their physical abilities, or the health they used to enjoy. Families affected by a cancer diagnosis may mourn the way life used to be before illness became a central part of their story. This type of grief, often referred to as “ambiguous loss,” can feel particularly isolating, as it doesn’t always garner the same acknowledgment as bereavement.

If you’re navigating grief—whether tied to a loved one’s absence or life’s unexpected changes—know that your feelings are valid. Here are strategies to help you cope, honor your emotions, and find moments of peace during the holiday season.

Grieving More Than Death: Understanding Non-Physical Loss

Grief is not always tied to death. A cancer diagnosis can bring profound changes, both physical and emotional, leading to feelings of loss. Survivors may grieve aspects of their identity or abilities they once took for granted:

• The energy to participate fully in family traditions.
• Physical independence or mobility.
• Career ambitions or long-term goals that now feel out of reach.
• A sense of certainty or security about the future.

This grief can be hard to articulate, and those experiencing it may feel reluctant to express their sadness for fear of appearing ungrateful or pessimistic. However, it’s important to understand that grief and gratitude can coexist. You can mourn what you’ve lost while still cherishing what remains. Acknowledging this duality is a crucial step toward healing.

Honoring Non-Traditional Grief

If you’re grieving intangible losses, consider ways to acknowledge and honor these feelings:

1. Name Your Losses: Write down what you’re grieving. Seeing these on paper can help validate your emotions and provide clarity about what you’re experiencing.
2. Create a Ritual: Just as we light candles or share stories to honor those who have passed, consider a ritual for what you’ve lost. You might write a letter to your former self or create a scrapbook of memories from the life you’re grieving.
3. Reframe the Narrative: While loss is undeniable, it can sometimes bring growth or new perspectives. For example, a cancer survivor might discover a deeper appreciation for life’s small joys or a newfound sense of purpose in helping others. Reflecting on these shifts doesn’t erase the grief but can help create a sense of balance.

Whether you’re grieving the loss of a loved one or the life you once knew, your emotions are valid. Grief is deeply personal and doesn’t need to meet anyone else’s definition to deserve recognition. By acknowledging your grief, you allow yourself the space to heal.

If you’re comfortable, share your feelings with trusted friends or family. This can help foster understanding and create a supportive environment during the holidays.

Adjusting to a New Normal

The holidays may look different when you’re grieving intangible losses, and that’s okay. It’s important to recognize that you don’t need to “fix” the holidays to make them feel like they once did. Instead, focus on adapting to your current reality:

• Simplify Expectations: If your energy levels or physical abilities have changed, adjust your holiday plans accordingly. For example, if you’re unable to host a large gathering, consider a smaller, more intimate get-together or participate virtually.
• Find Joy in Small Moments: Grief often narrows our focus to what we’ve lost. Actively seek out small moments of comfort or happiness—a warm hug, a favorite holiday movie, or a short walk in the crisp winter air.
• Be Open to New Traditions: Sometimes, creating new traditions can help bridge the gap between the past and present. This could be as simple as starting a gratitude journal or finding a new holiday activity that aligns with your current capabilities.

Lean on Support

Whether your grief stems from a loved one’s absence or changes in your health, leaning on a support system can make a difference. Connecting with others who understand your experience—whether through support groups, online forums, or therapy—can provide comfort and a sense of solidarity.

If you’re struggling with non-death-related grief, it may help to speak with a professional counselor who specializes in life transitions or chronic illness. They can offer tools and strategies to help you process these complex emotions.

Moving Forward with Grace

Grief—whether tied to the loss of a loved one, your health, or the life you once knew—is a journey without a fixed timeline. The holidays may magnify your emotions, but they also provide an opportunity to honor your feelings, celebrate your resilience, and create space for healing.

As you navigate this season, remember to be gentle with yourself. Take each day as it comes, surround yourself with support, and allow yourself to grieve in the way that feels right for you. Grief is a testament to love, and even amidst loss, there is room for hope, connection, and new beginnings.

For more information on dealing with grief during the holidays, visit CancerCare​, American Cancer Society​, or Hospice Foundation of America​.

A New Treatment for Advanced Cancer: Bispecific Antibody Therapy

Nov 19, 2024 | Southern Arizona

Bispecific antibody therapy is emerging as a promising option for patients with advanced cancer. Lee Pendleton, PharmD, from Arizona Oncology, helps patients and their families better understand how this innovative therapy works, its potential benefits, and what to expect.

How Does Bispecific Antibody Therapy Work?

Bispecific antibodies either work to stimulate the immune system, deliver a therapeutic payload, bind to a specific cell receptor, and, in some cases, a combination of all three. Antibodies are shaped like the letter “Y,” and scientists have learned how to manipulate them so that each end of the “Y” becomes a site of therapeutic activity. Traditional antibody therapies only utilize one of the three ends of the “Y”. The multi-functionality of bispecific antibodies make them a versatile tool in cancer treatment.

Some bispecific antibodies carry a therapeutic payload on one of the ends of the “Y” while one of the other ends of the “Y” binds to a specific cell membrane binding site. Once bound, the therapeutic agent is able to pass through the cell membrane directly into the cancer cell to arrest its growth and replication.

How Effective is It?

Bispecific therapy is currently being used to treat cancers like multiple myeloma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and renal cell cancer. Additional types of solid tumors are being evaluated in clinical trials.

What is exciting about these therapies is that significant responses are being seen in patients with advanced disease who have already been treated with two and three lines of chemotherapy, immunotherapy or a combination of the two. These therapies offer hope, especially for those with advanced disease where traditional treatments may not have been effective.

Lee Pendleton points out that, as a clinician, the “complete molecular response” being seen with these therapies is the most encouraging part. Clinical findings are similar to that of some HIV medications, which are so effective that HIV cannot be detected while the patient is taking the medication. While that does not necessarily mean cancer patients will experience the same result, Pendleton states that in 30 years of work as a clinician, he never expected to see these types of results in patients with advanced disease who are three and four lines of therapy into treatment.

Because of its newness, bispecific antibody therapy is usually reserved for patients who have exhausted other treatment options and is typically used as a standalone treatment. However, as it becomes part of earlier lines of therapy, combinations with chemotherapy or other treatments may become more common.

While there’s not enough data to confirm how bispecific antibody therapy affects recurrence rates, early results are already pointing to better long-term outcomes for patients with advanced and heavily treated cancers.

What To Expect

Bispecific antibody therapies that have passed FDA approval are typically covered by insurance, based on the approved indications and relevant guidelines. Most new patients will need to commit to anywhere from thirty to sixty days of intense monitoring and visits to the office, ranging anywhere from one to six hours. As the disease is brought under control, the frequency of visits goes down as well as the time required for each visit. Current research is attempting to determine what type of follow-up might be necessary after treatment. 

While bispecific antibody therapy is associated with some of the same side effects as chemotherapy, the effects tend to be less severe, resulting in an improved quality of life while the patient is receiving treatment. As patients respond to treatment, side effects may lessen over time.

The Future of Cancer Treatment

Bispecific antibody therapy is redefining what’s possible in cancer treatment, providing new hope for many patients and improving quality of life along the way. Arizona Oncology is evaluating its ability to start patients on bispecific therapies from the first dose at its Prescott, Arizona location.

September is Leukemia and Lymphoma Awareness Month: Debunking Common Myths

Sep 24, 2024 | Southern Arizona

September is Leukemia and Lymphoma Awareness Month, providing us with a perfect opportunity to dispel myths about these often misunderstood blood cancers. Below are some of the most common misconceptions:

1. Myth: Leukemia and Lymphomas Aren’t Cancer

Fact: Both leukemia and lymphoma are types of cancer. While many people think of cancer in terms of solid tumors, leukemia and lymphomas are considered blood cancers. They affect the production and function of blood cells, which are essential for overall health.

• Leukemia starts in the bone marrow, where blood cells are produced. The disease typically leads to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal white blood cells, which interferes with normal blood cell production.
• Lymphoma, on the other hand, affects the lymphatic system, a critical part of the immune system. There are two main types of lymphoma: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

2. Myth: Leukemia Only Affects Children

Fact: While leukemia is often associated with children, especially in discussions about acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), it’s important to know that leukemia also affects adults. In fact, certain types of leukemia are more common in adults:

• Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is more prevalent in older adults. AML starts in the bone marrow, but most often it quickly moves into the blood, as well. It can sometimes spread to other parts of the body including the lymph nodes, liver, spleen, central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and testicles. AML has many other names, including acute myelocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia, and acute non-lymphocytic leukemia.
• Chronic leukemias, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), primarily affect adults. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is one the most common types of leukemia in adults. It starts in early forms of certain white blood cells (called lymphocytes) in the bone marrow, then moves into the blood. In CLL, the leukemia cells often build up slowly. Many people don’t have any symptoms for at least a few years. Over time, the cells can build up and spread to other parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a type of cancer caused by a genetic mutation in myeloid cells in the bone marrow, leading to abnormal cell growth that can spread to the blood and other parts of the body, such as the spleen. CML is a fairly slow growing leukemia, but it can change into a fast-growing acute leukemia that’s hard to treat.

Similarly, lymphomas occur in both children and adults. The age of onset and the type of lymphoma can vary significantly.

3. Myth: Patients with Leukemia Just Need a Bone Marrow Transplant to be Cured

Fact: Not all types of leukemia can be cured with a bone marrow transplant, and not all patients are candidates. While a bone marrow transplant (also called a stem cell transplant) is an important treatment option, factors such as the type of leukemia (acute or chronic), the patient’s age, overall health, and the stage of the disease determine whether a transplant is the best option. Additionally, some leukemias respond well to other treatments and may not require a transplant.

Treatments for leukemia are tailored to the individual and may include:

• Watchful Waiting: People with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who do not have symptoms may be able to put off having cancer treatment. By delaying treatment, they can avoid the side effects of treatment until they have symptoms.
• Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy leukemia cells. Depending on the type of leukemia, patients may receive a single drug or a combination of two or more drugs. Chemotherapy may be delivered in the form of a pill, via infusion, or directly into the cerebrospinal fluid.
• Targeted therapy: This includes drugs that specifically attack cancer cells based on their genetic makeup.
• Biological Therapy: Biological therapy for leukemia enhances the body’s natural defenses, using treatments like monoclonal antibodies to target and destroy leukemia cells or interferon to slow their growth in some cases of chronic myeloid leukemia.

4. Myth: Only Blood Relatives Can Be a Donor for a Bone Marrow or Stem Cell Transplant

Fact: While a relative may sometimes be a good match for a bone marrow or stem cell transplant, many patients find life-saving matches through unrelated donors. Global bone marrow donor registries, such as the National Marrow Donor Program (formerly known as Be The Match), have millions of potential donors. A match can come from anyone who shares similar genetic markers, even if they aren’t a blood relative. Ethnic diversity also plays a critical role, making it important for people from all backgrounds to register as donors.

Stem cell transplants from unrelated donors save lives every year, offering hope to patients who otherwise might not find a match within their family.

5. Myth: Only Older Adults Get Lymphoma

Fact: While non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is more common in older adults, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is often diagnosed in young adults, typically between ages 15 and 35. Both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas can occur at any age, but they differ in how they present and respond to treatment:

• Hodgkin lymphoma tends to have a high cure rate, even in advanced stages, especially in younger patients. It is characterized by the presence of large, abnormal cells called Reed-Sternberg cells, which are typically found in lymph nodes. Hodgkin lymphoma tends to spread in a more predictable pattern from one lymph node group to another.
• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma includes a wide variety of subtypes, some of which are more aggressive and may require more complex treatment. NHL includes a broader category of lymphomas that do not have Reed-Sternberg cells and can arise from either B cells or T cells (types of white blood cells). NHL can spread more randomly throughout the body, making it challenging to treat.

6. Myth: If Leukemia or Lymphoma Comes Back, There’s Nothing That Can Be Done

Fact: A recurrence doesn’t mean that there are no options left. Many patients who experience a relapse can benefit from second-line therapies, including clinical trials, new treatment protocols, or even a stem cell transplant. Advances in treatment are offering new hope for those facing recurrent blood cancers.

7. Myth: Leukemia and Lymphoma Always Develop Quickly

Fact: While some forms of leukemia and lymphoma, such as acute leukemias, develop rapidly and require immediate treatment, others can progress more slowly. Chronic leukemia, for example, may not require treatment right away and can be monitored for years before symptoms worsen.

8. Myth: A Healthy Lifestyle Prevents Leukemia and Lymphoma

Fact: The exact causes of blood cancer are not completely understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Factors like smoking, exposure to radiation, and certain chemicals have been associated with a higher risk of developing some types of blood cancers. While a healthy lifestyle is important for overall well-being, it may not entirely prevent blood cancers. However, maintaining good health can help improve outcomes during treatment and recovery.

Arizona Oncology offers an integrated team-oriented approach to provide our leukemia and lymphoma patients with the best possible care. If you or a loved one are affected by blood cancer, remember that treatment options are constantly evolving, and support is available.

Preventing Cancer in 2024

Aug 20, 2024 | Southern Arizona

August is Wellness Month and an excellent opportunity to talk about how crucial a healthy lifestyle is to cancer prevention.

Up to 90 to 95 percent of cancers have their roots in environment and lifestyle, while only 5 to 10 percent have a genetic component, according to medical oncologists at Arizona Oncology. Additionally, the World Health Organization (WHO) states that between 30% to 50% of all cancer cases are preventable.

When you make choices that prioritize your health and wellness, you are taking actionable steps against developing cancer. While not all cancer risk factors are preventable, and a healthy lifestyle is not a guarantee that you won’t ever get cancer, research has consistently shown that we do have the power to reduce our cancer risk through the lifestyle choices we make.

But before delving into what we can do, let’s take a look at actual mechanisms that fuel tumor development.

What Causes Cancer?

Cancer is a complex disease with multiple causes, including genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Among the many processes that contribute to cancer development, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and the presence of free radicals play significant roles. These biological processes are interlinked and can create an environment that fosters the initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer.

Inflammation

Inflammation is a natural response of the immune system to injury or infection that protects us in most cases. Chronic inflammation can be damaging, as the immune cells tell the body’s cells to replace the damaged ones quickly. This constant turnover can increase the likelihood of mutations leading to the beginning of cancer.

Oxidative Stress

Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s ability to detoxify them. ROS are chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen, including free radicals, and excessive levels can damage cellular components like DNA, proteins, and lipids. When DNA is damaged by ROS, it can lead to mutations that may result in cancer in a similar way to chronic inflammation. Moreover, oxidative stress can suppress the immune system’s ability to detect and destroy cancer cells, allowing them to proliferate unchecked.

Free Radicals

Free radicals are highly reactive atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons. They are produced naturally in the body during metabolism, but can also be introduced through environmental factors like radiation, pollution, and smoking. Free radicals can cause direct damage to DNA by inducing mutations, which are the first steps in the development of cancer. Damage to DNA can cause genes to make faulty proteins, especially in tumor suppressor genes, which help fix DNA or remove badly damaged cells. Usually, it’s a series of mutations in tumor suppressor genes and other genes that lead a cancer cell to form.

The processes of inflammation, oxidative stress, and the generation of free radicals are deeply interconnected. Chronic inflammation often leads to increased production of ROS and free radicals, further exacerbating oxidative stress. This creates a vicious cycle where oxidative damage leads to more inflammation, and inflammation generates more ROS, perpetuating cellular damage.

Environmental Factors that Are Difficult to Control, But Possible to Change

Unfortunately, environmental factors are not as easy to control as lifestyle choices. Still, it is helpful to understand which environmental factors contribute to the development of cancer. This knowledge may help you to protect yourself and also inform your choices in influencing policy decisions that affect public health.

Mitigating Cancer Risk With Healthy Lifestyle Changes

The good news is you can protect yourself from the effects of free radicals, oxidative stress, and inflammation with the lifestyle choices you make, thereby lowering your overall cancer risk. In 2024, researchers have identified the top lifestyle choices that will impact your cancer risk. They are:

• Tobacco Avoidance: Smoking is the single most preventable cause of cancer. Despite decades of public health campaigns, tobacco use continues to be a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The ACS continues to emphasize the importance of quitting smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke as fundamental steps in cancer prevention.
• Healthy Diet and Regular Exercise: Thirty to thirty-five percent of cancers can be attributed to diet. Maintaining a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, coupled with regular physical activity, can significantly lower the risk of several types of cancer, including breast, colon, and endometrial cancers. Obesity is another major cancer risk factor, with studies showing that maintaining a healthy weight is crucial in reducing cancer risk.
• Alcohol Consumption: Alcohol has been linked to an increased risk of cancers such as breast, liver, and colorectal cancer. The ACS recommends that men limit their alcohol intake to two drinks per day, and women to one drink per day.
• Vaccinations: Preventative vaccines have become increasingly important in reducing cancer risk. The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, for example, has been shown to drastically reduce the risk of cervical cancer and other cancers linked to the virus. Research suggests that HPV vaccination might also reduce the risk of other cancers in both men and women.
• Chronic Stress Management and Mental Health: Chronic stress and poor mental health have been linked to an increased risk of cancer. The pressures of modern life, including work, education, and social factors, can contribute to higher stress levels. Chronic stress can hinder the immune system, initiate harmful hormonal changes, and encourage unhealthy behaviors (such as tobacco or alcohol use) that increase cancer risk.
• Protection From UV Exposure: UV radiation from the sun or tanning beds generates free radicals that can damage DNA and other cellular structures in the skin. When the skin’s antioxidant defenses are insufficient to neutralize these free radicals, the resulting oxidative stress can contribute to the formation of skin cancer.

Recommendations for a Cancer Prevention Diet

Besides avoiding tobacco use, research has shown that the most effective way to improve your health and reduce your risk of cancer involves your diet. A cancer prevention diet doesn’t have to be complicated or difficult to follow.

Increase Intake of Foods Rich in Antioxidants and Anti-Inflammatory Properties:

• Fruits and Vegetables: These are high in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants such as vitamins C and E, carotenoids, and flavonoids. Examples include berries, citrus fruits, leafy greens, and cruciferous vegetables (e.g., broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts).
• Fish: Fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which have anti-inflammatory properties.
• Legumes: Beans, lentils, and peas are high in fiber and antioxidants, which can help reduce cancer risk.
• Whole Grains: Brown rice, quinoa, barley, and oats contain fiber and beneficial compounds that help lower cancer risk.
• Nuts and Seeds: Almonds, walnuts, chia seeds, and flaxseeds provide healthy fats, fiber, and antioxidants.

Avoid Foods That Increase Free Radicals and Cause Inflammation:

• Saturated Fats and Trans Fats: Found in fried foods, processed snacks, and baked goods, these fats can increase free radical production and inflammation.
• Red Meat: High consumption of red meat (beef, pork, lamb) is linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Limit intake and choose lean cuts when possible.
• Sugary Drinks and Foods: Beverages and foods high in sugar can contribute to obesity and increase cancer risk. Avoid sugary sodas, candies, and desserts.
• Processed Foods: These often contain additives, preservatives, and unhealthy fats that can lead to increased free radicals and inflammation. Examples include fast food, processed meats (e.g., sausages, bacon), and packaged snacks.

Stay Active for Cancer Prevention

Regular physical activity is a key factor in reducing the risk of cancer. Health experts recommend at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise, such as brisk walking or cycling, or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity exercise, like running or swimming, each week. It’s also beneficial to include strength training exercises at least two days a week.
Physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight, lowers inflammation, improves immune function, and regulates hormones, all of which can reduce the risk of developing cancers such as breast, colon, and endometrial cancer. Find an activity you enjoy (for example, if you find cycling boring, try pickleball), join a fitness group for accountability, park farther away from your destination, or take the stairs. Even small increases in daily activity can make a difference.

Early Detection and Screening

In addition to eating right and exercising, keeping up with your screenings is a significant way to impact your cancer risk. People of all ages should prioritize a healthy lifestyle and adhere to recommended health guidelines for screenings such as mammograms and colonoscopies.

Cancer Prevention Research is Ongoing

For the most current guidelines and information on cancer prevention, organizations such as the American Cancer Society and the American Association for Cancer Research are invaluable resources, offering detailed reports and updates on the latest advancements in the field.